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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democracy is prone to populist impulses. Nonetheless, it is healthier than what one might expect.
The country is searching for a new paradigm of development. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors and as well as gendered family relationships, continues to be influential in the society. But there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. About 10,000 years ago, they began to cultivate millet, beans, and other crops. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established a metallurgy business, making iron tools, including bronze. They traded with other states and introduced celadon papermaking block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan.
Gojoseon was established in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. The state adopted Chinese culture that included Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as high-ranking officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state took taxes from these citizens and sometimes even forced them to serve in the army or construct fortifications.
Onjo the prince of Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong who was the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the period. This new kingdom expanded into the southwest region of the peninsula, and clashed against Goguryeo's commanderies and China's in the region. Baekje introduced elements of Confucian thought into its state beliefs and made the male-centric filiopiety idea an official doctrine in 1390 CE. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families and had to be respected and obeyed by all, including their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that ruled from 918 until 1392 CE, gave the world the Hangul Alphabet based upon the patterns created by the mouth when pronouncing. This dramatically improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Additionally, movable metallic type printing was introduced, and woodblock printing was improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first written in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula has been inhabited since Neolithic times. Early evidence of human settlements is visible in the form of stone-lined cist graves with precious items like amazonite jewellery being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, known as dolmens and built of large stones in a single piece, are widespread throughout the country.
Gojoseon became the first political state to be recognized in the first half of 1st millennium BCE. The peninsula was then ruled by a number of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which the majority of historians do not believe to be a legitimate Korean state.
Following the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, or Several States Period. Of them, Baekje was the most powerful state however, its dynasty ended by the fall of Goguryeo in 676 CE, leaving the southern provinces of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms started to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla with the help of the Chinese eventually conquered and united the peninsula in 935.
As Korea is entering a post-crisis period the way it develops appears to be changing. Those who are appalled by the immense cost of the old system advocate a thorough program of liberalization of capital as well as labor markets. On the other hand, supporters of the old system try to preserve it through nationalist sentiments and by inflating fears about potential job loss.
Analysts and academics are divided over the extent to which Korea's development is being driven by these two trends. This article reviews developments to date, by looking at five phases of the country's political evolution: illiberal democracy (1945-60) democratic authoritarianism (1961-72) and authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-87), democratic paternalism (1987-2001), and democratic participation (2002 to present). This article also identifies key factors that are the driving force behind these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26% of the population is Christian. Creationists have had success in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in evolution. Of the respondents, 41% stated that there was not enough scientific evidence to support evolution; 39% said the theory did not align with their beliefs and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. This level of doubt is similar to that of the United States, where a similar percentage of people do not believe that humans evolved from earlier forms of life.
In the past of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on educating college students and leading them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science came in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul which included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Gish of ICR as the featured speakers. The event attracted an audience of scientists, professors, and check here church leaders.
The success of this event led to the creation of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31, 1981. The inauguration meeting was widely reported in the national press, including The Korea Times and Chosun Ilbo and also was well-received by the public.
KACR began publishing a monthly newsletter, CREATION, where it reported on its activities and also published articles on scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR and also a few books on creationism that were published outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country in churches and universities.
A KACR success was seen at KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised money and secured funding to build a small creationist museum on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION that covers topics related to creation science, and it has sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has local branches that conduct seminars and present talks to school children and other community groups.
Changes in South Korea
In the late nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized style of life. The traditional hanbok, or Korean dress, was replaced to miniskirts and other style elements from overseas. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by modern rock and roll and jazz. During this time, the famous samulnori, or masked dance-dramas, became loved by the public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and different musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being created in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The biggest challenge facing the new regime is to find a balance between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also requires a change in the incentives, monitoring, and disciplining policies that shaped the pre-crisis system. These issues are covered in Chapters 3 & 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as migrants from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century extended its territory to Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do south. Consequently, it came into frequent conflict with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanders across the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries led to the development of powerful local factions. Gungye, a noble from Later Baekje, established a kingdom with Songak as its capital and was in control of a portion of present-day Jeolla and Chungcheong provinces. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla Later, he incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the centralized ruling system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. The Korean peninsula was then under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually grew to become powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.